Abstract
Sex hormones affect brain and behaviour and play a role in many differences between men and women. In studies examining the effects of sex hormones one distinguishes organizing and activating effects. The influence of pre- and neonatal hormones on the development of the structure of the brain is denoted organizing, whereas the effects of hormones on already existing brain structures and processes are called activating. Recent evidence for organizing and activating effects of sex hormones from imaging studies in transsexuals will be discussed. In a series of studies in the Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria of the VU University Medical Center in Amsterdam, we also study organizing and activating effects of sex hormones. Differences and similarities in brain and behaviour between transsexuals and control men and women as well as the influence of puberty suppression and cross-sex hormone treatment are studied in adolescents and adults who come to our gender identity clinic.
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