Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is characterized by severe cytokine storm syndrome following inflammation. SARS-CoV-2 directly interacts with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptors in the human body. Complementary therapies that impact on expression of IgE and IgG antibodies, including administration of bee venom (BV), have efficacy in the management of arthritis, and Parkinson's disease. A recent epidemiological study in China showed that local beekeepers have a level of immunity against SARS-CoV-2 with and without previous exposure to virus. BV anti-inflammatory properties are associated with melittin and phospholipase A2 (PLA2), both of which show activity against enveloped and non-enveloped viruses, including H1N1 and HIV, with activity mediated through antagonist activity against interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Melittin is associated with the underexpression of proinflammatory cytokines, including nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2), and protein kinase Akt. BV therapy also involves group III secretory phospholipase A2 in the management of respiratory and neurological diseases. BV activation of the cellular and humoral immune systems should be explored for the application of complementary medicine for the management of SARS-CoV-2 infections. BV “vaccination” is used to immunize against cytomegalovirus and can suppress metastases through the PLA2 and phosphatidylinositol-(3,4)-bisphosphate pathways. That BV shows efficacy for HIV and H1NI offers opportunity as a candidate for complementary therapy for protection against SARS-CoV-2.
Highlights
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) is the causal agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19), a respiratory infection that emerged in Wuhan province of China in late 2019 [1, 2], becoming a global pandemic in 2020
phospholipase A2 (PLA2) plays a vital role in host defense in Th2 differentiation, ILC2 activation, immunoglobulin production, membrane remodeling, and anti-inflammatory reactions [44, 70]
A decrease in the signaling pathways responsible for the activation of inflammatory cytokines, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2) and protein kinase Akt, and Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (PgLPS)-treated human keratinocytes are associated with melittin treatment [65] (Figure 2)
Summary
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) is the causal agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19), a respiratory infection that emerged in Wuhan province of China in late 2019 [1, 2], becoming a global pandemic in 2020. Most toxic component Attacks lipid membranes causing cell lysis, haemolysis, cytotoxicity, and biodegradation Forms melittin-PLA2 complex that causes cellular injury Induces mild allergic but severe pain reactions In cancer therapy due to its cytotoxic activity on cancer cells Control of excessive immune responses Anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, fungicidal, and anti-cancer properties
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