Abstract
The sufficient length and good quality of night sleep play a vital role in maintaining health, well-being and effective functioning. Nevertheless, an increase in the prevalence of sleep deprivation can be observed recently. The concept of bedtime procrastination, defined as going to bed later than intended, has been proposed to explain one of the psychological determinants of sleep deficiency. To investigate the prevalence of bedtime procrastination among Poles we carried out a Polish adaptation of the Bedtime Procrastination Scale (BPS), a self-report questionnaire for measuring the tendency to voluntarily postpone going to bed in the absence of any external circumstances for doing so. The aim of the research was to determine the main psychometric properties of the Polish version of the BPS. We also aimed to identify the relationships between bedtime procrastination and selected demographic variables in the Polish sample, and to examine the impact of bedtime procrastination on self-reported sleep outcomes. The data obtained from online surveys conducted on two Polish samples were analyzed, including demographic factors, self-reported sleep outcomes, and responses to items of the BPS. The Polish version of the BPS has a unifactorial structure like the original version. It also exhibits satisfactory internal consistency and moderate temporal stability in a 10-week retest study. BPS scores were not significantly related to the place of residence, the highest completed level of education, living with a spouse or partner, and living with children. Scores in BPS slightly decreased with age and females scored higher on BPS than males. Higher BPS scores were obtained for a group of students in comparison to a group of subjects who were not students, and lower BPS scores were found in working respondents in comparison to respondents who were not working. BPS scores correlate negatively with sleep length on workdays and a feeling of sleep sufficiency, and positively with sleep length on weekdays relative to workdays, sleeping later than one would like, and a feeling of fatigue. Several relationships between self-reported sleep outcomes and demographic variables were also identified.
Highlights
Sleep is an important part of human life and is of key importance for physical and mental health, cognitive performance and good functioning at school, work, and leisure
Principal Component Analysis Following the approach of the authors of the original Bedtime Procrastination Scale (BPS) version (Kroese et al, 2014), principal component analysis (PCA) was used to explore the component structure of responses to items of the Polish version of this questionnaire in Sample 1 All interitem correlations of the Polish BPS version in this sample were significant at p < 0.001, ranging from 0.24 to 0.59, with average of 0.41
The overall Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy (MSA) was high (MSA = 0.90) and all MSA values for individual items were > 0.87, which confirmed the good factorability of responses to items of the Polish BPS version in this sample
Summary
Sleep is an important part of human life and is of key importance for physical and mental health, cognitive performance and good functioning at school, work, and leisure. Sleep deprivation may be the cause of poor working efficiency, low school performance (Wolfson and Carskadon, 2003; Curcio et al, 2006; Ming et al, 2011) traffic accidents (Connor et al, 2001; Connor, 2002; Abdoli et al, 2015a,b, 2018), mental stress, depressed mood and anxiety (Eller et al, 2006) It involves medical conditions, including obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and an increased risk of death (Strine and Chapman, 2005; Gangwisch et al, 2006; Roane and Taylor, 2008; Fernandez-Mendoza et al, 2015). One of the most profound effects of media use on sleep is sleep displacement, whereby media use leads to later bedtimes and shorter sleep duration (Cain and Gradisar, 2010; Van den Bulck, 2010)
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