Abstract
The integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) with Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) typically involves multihop relaying combined with sophisticated signal processing to serve as an information provider for several applications such as smart grids, industrial, and search-and-rescue operations. These applications entail deploying many sensors in environments that are often random which motivated the study of beamforming using random geometric topologies. This paper introduces a new algorithm for the synthesis of several geometries of Collaborative Beamforming (CB) of virtual sensor antenna arrays with maximum mainlobe and minimum sidelobe levels (SLL) as well as null control using Canonical Swarm Optimization (CPSO) algorithm. The optimal beampattern is achieved by optimizing the current excitation weights for uniform and non-uniform interelement spacings based on the network connectivity of the virtual antenna arrays using a node selection scheme. As compared to conventional beamforming, convex optimization, Genetic Algorithm (GA), and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), the proposed CPSO achieves significant reduction in SLL, control of nulls, and increased gain in mainlobe directed towards the desired base station when the node selection technique is implemented with CB.
Highlights
Beamforming techniques are gaining an increasing research interest in recent years due to the growth of Internet of Things (IoT) applications that require establishing connections for long distances among sensors and a remote base station [1]
We have noticed that the differences in the mainlobe and sidelobe performance among the three algorithms are obvious within increasing the collaborative sensors in antenna array
This paper introduces a CPSO optimization algorithm for the synthesis of virtual antenna arrays selected from randomly deployed sensors in the realm of Collaborative Beamforming (CB) for the purpose of optimizing the mainlobe, suppressed sidelobes, and controlled nulls in certain directions
Summary
Beamforming techniques are gaining an increasing research interest in recent years due to the growth of Internet of Things (IoT) applications that require establishing connections for long distances among sensors and a remote base station [1]. In the context of our paper, sensors within IoT environment are considered to be an area of interest that acts as a collaboratively distributed antenna array that forms a specific network topology such as linear, mesh, ring, tree or even random according to the connectivity among the collaborative sensors These collaborative sensors adjust the initial phases of their carriers such that signals from individual sensors add constructively and form a beam toward the direction of the intended base station. CB in directional antenna transmission achieves higher connectivity compared omnidirectional transmission with the same transmit power Beside these challenges and advantages, the one concern in CB design is the uncontrolled sidelobes of the beamforming pattern due the following reasons: Random deployment whereas the sensors are randomly distributed over a specific area which collaboratively form an antenna array for beamforming purposes which is referred to as virtual random antenna array [4].
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