Abstract
The transport properties of the strongly coupled quark-gluon plasma created in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions are extracted by Bayesian parameter estimate methods with the latest collision beam energy data from the CERN Large Hadron Collider. This Bayesian analysis includes sophisticated flow harmonic observables for the first time. We found that the temperature dependence of specific shear viscosity appears weaker than in the previous studies. The results prefer a lower value of specific bulk viscosity and a higher switching temperature to reproduce additional observables. However, the improved statistical uncertainties both on the experimental data and hydrodynamic calculations with additional observables do not help to reduce the final credibility ranges much, indicating a need for improving the dynamical collision model before the hydrodynamic takes place. In addition, the sensitivities of experimental observables to the parameters in hydrodynamic model calculations are quantified. It is found that the analysis benefits most from the symmetric cumulants and nonlinear flow modes, which mostly reflect nonlinear hydrodynamic responses, in constraining the temperature dependence of the specific shear and bulk viscosities in addition to the previously used flow coefficients.
Highlights
The primary goal of heavy-ion physics is to investigate and understand the strongly coupled color-deconfined matter, quark-gluon plasma (QGP), which is produced in ultrarelativistic collisions between heavy ions
The most important remaining open questions in the field are the location of the critical point (Tc) in the QCD phase diagram and temperature dependence of specific shear (η) and bulk (ζ ) viscosities of the QGP
The model used in this analysis consists of the TRENTo model [25] for the initial condition, which is connected with free streaming to a 2 + 1 dimensional causal hydrodynamic model VISH(2 + 1) [26,27]
Summary
The primary goal of heavy-ion physics is to investigate and understand the strongly coupled color-deconfined matter, quark-gluon plasma (QGP), which is produced in ultrarelativistic collisions between heavy ions. Are large because of statistical limitations of the data, limited observables used for the analysis, and computational constraints. The correlation strength measured in [3,4] was experimentally decomposed into two components of linear and nonlinear flow modes in [5,17] for the first time in the field, which gives a better understanding of our harmonic analysis and its origin with both LHC Run 1 (2009–2013) and Run 2 (2015–2018) data. We extend the Bayesian parameter estimation methods employed in [7] with larger statistic LHC Run 2 results [18,19] as well as a few additional observables [5,6] for the first time which require substantial computational power.
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