Abstract
The cognitive function of nursing home (NH) residents with cognitive impairment (CI) tends to decline over time. An effective multimodal non-pharmacological intervention (MNPI) strategy is needed to improve the cognitive function of NH residents with CI.The aim of this study was to clarify the cognitive function characteristics of NH residents with CI in whom a non-pharmacological intervention (NPI) can be implemented, consisting of MNPI using a Bayesian analysis, and to incorporate suggestions to make the MNPI strategy as effective as possible.This study had a cross-sectional design. The 61 subjects were selected from the residents of 5 NHs, of whom 90.16% were female, and the mean (standard deviation) age was 87.20 ± 6.90. Analyses were performed using a hierarchical Bayesian model, and the global and specific cognitive functions as assessed by the Japanese version of the Neurobehavioral Cognitive Status Examination were the response variables. Three types of NPI (cognitive enhancement NPI, physical NPI, psychological and psychosocial NPI), and activities of daily living (ADL), as assessed by the Barthel index, were the explanatory variables.Cognitive enhancement NPI was revealed to have no association with any cognitive function. Physical NPI was negatively associated with orientation [OR 0.31 (95% credible interval (95% CI) –2.33, –0.10)], comprehension [OR 0.16 (95% CI –2.78, –0.95)] and naming [OR 0.49 (95% CI –1.47, –0.02)]. Psychological and psychosocial NPI was positively associated with comprehension [OR 3.67 (95% CI 0.52, 2.13)]. Barthel index was positively associated with total Japanese version of the Neurobehavioral Cognitive Status Examination [OR 1.74 (95% CI 0.08, 2.12)], comprehension [OR 3.49 (95% CI 0.45, 4.67)], repetition [OR 10.07 (95% CI 0.53, 9.01)], naming [OR 2.24 (95% CI 0.07, 3.20)], and calculations [OR 18.82 (95% CI 2.71, 9.40)].The implementation of MNPI should be preceded by cognitive enhancement NPI and physical NPI. Providing ADL enhancing NPI in response to cognitive improvement may be an effective strategy. Providing cognitive enhancement NPI, physical NPI, psychological, and psychosocial NPI, as well as ADL-enhancing NPI at the same time, is also an effective strategy for subjects with mild dementia who are considered to have relatively high cognitive functions.
Highlights
Many people with cognitive impairment (CI) are eventually admitted to a nursing home (NH),[1,2] and it has been reported that cognitive function tends to decline over time these patients.[2]
Cognitive enhancement non-pharmacological intervention (NPI) was revealed to have no association with any cognitive function
Cognitive enhancement NPI was revealed to have no association with any cognitive function, and may be provided regardless of the global and specific cognitive functions of NH residents with CI
Summary
Many people with cognitive impairment (CI) are eventually admitted to a nursing home (NH),[1,2] and it has been reported that cognitive function tends to decline over time these patients.[2]. Risk factors for CI include older age, female gender, less education, not being married, a lack of physical, and cognitive activities, and a lack of activities of daily living (ADL) due to disability.[9,10] it is difficult for NH residents with CI to intervene in risk factors such as age, gender, educational background, and marital status
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