Abstract
The present study reports the phytochemical profiling, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities of Bauhinia variegata leaf extracts. The reducing sugar, anthraquinone, and saponins were observed in polar extracts, while terpenoids and alkaloids were present in nonpolar and ethanol extracts. Total flavonoid contents in various extracts were found in the range of 11–222.67 mg QE/g. In disc diffusion assays, petroleum ether and chloroform fractions exhibited considerable inhibition against Klebsiella pneumoniae. Several other extracts also showed antibacterial activity against pathogenic strains of E. coli, Proteus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of potential extracts were found between 3.5 and 28.40 mg/mL. The lowest MBC (3.5 mg/mL) was recorded for ethanol extract against Pseudomonas spp. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was compared with standard antioxidants. Dose dependent response was observed in reducing power of extracts. Polar extracts demonstrated appreciable metal ion chelating activity at lower concentrations (10–40 μg/mL). Many extracts showed significant antioxidant response in beta carotene bleaching assay. AQ fraction of B. variegata showed pronounced cytotoxic effect against DU-145, HOP-62, IGR-OV-1, MCF-7, and THP-1 human cancer cell lines with 90–99% cell growth inhibitory activity. Ethyl acetate fraction also produced considerable cytotoxicity against MCF-7 and THP-1 cell lines. The study demonstrates notable antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities in B. variegata leaf extracts.
Highlights
Infectious diseases are still a major threat to public health, despite the tremendous progress made in human medicine
The reducing sugar, anthraquinone, and saponins were observed in polar extracts (ET and AQ), while terpenoids and alkaloids were present in petroleum ether (PE), BZ, and ethyl alcohol (ET) extracts
The present study revealed the presence of secondary metabolites such as terpenoids, phenolics, flavonoids, anthraquinones, saponins, tannins, and alkaloids in B. variegata leaf extracts (Tables 1 and 2)
Summary
Infectious diseases are still a major threat to public health, despite the tremendous progress made in human medicine. Their impact is large in developing countries due to the relative unavailability of medicines and the emergence of widespread drug resistance [1]. Antimicrobials of plant origin are not associated with many side effects and have an enormous therapeutic potential to treat many infectious diseases [2]. The roots are used as antidote to snake poison [16] In folklore medicine, this plant is used for managing several diseases including inflammatory conditions [17]. The present study reports the phytochemical composition and medicinal validation of B. variegata leaf extracts with respect to its antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities
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