Abstract
With the sudden outbreak of COVID-19 patient worldwide and associated mortality, it is critical to come up with an effective treatment against SARS-CoV-2. Studies suggest that mortality due to COVID 19 is mainly attributed to the hyper inflammatory response leading to cytokine storm and ARDS in infected patients. Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1) analogs, AAL-R and RP-002, have earlier provided in-vivo protection from the pathophysiological response during H1N1 influenza infection and improved mortality. Recently, it was shown that the treatment with sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 analog, CYM5442, resulted in the significant dampening of the immune response upon H1N1 challenge in mice and improved survival of H1N1 infected mice in combination with an antiviral drug, oseltamivir. Hence, here we suggest to investigate the possible utility of using S1P analogs to treat COVID-19.
Highlights
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged from Wuhan, China, has become a threat to the whole world
SARS-CoV-2 induced cytokine storm is a serious immunopathology that could lead to the death of infected patients
S1P analogs have earlier protected from pulmonary infection by dampening the cytokine storm (Table 1)
Summary
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged from Wuhan, China, has become a threat to the whole world. The serum of infected patients showed increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-2, TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-γ, MCP-1, and MIP1A, resulting in cytokine storm [4]. In severe cases of COVID-19, patients showed increased serum cytokine levels of IL-2, TNF- α, IL-1β, IFN-γ, MCP-1, MIP1A, and IL-6 [4, 11]. Intra-tracheal delivery of CYM5542 results in a marked reduction in lung injury and pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokines production such as IFN-α, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, CXCL2, and CXCL10 in BAL fluid of infected mice. The common consequence of cytokine storm is acute lung injury that results in ARDS, which proves to be fatal as seen in severe cases of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. Targeting pro-inflammatory immune cells may not be TABLE 1 | Therapeutic potential of S1P analogs in the suppression of viral induce immuno-pathology
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