Battery technology - an assessment of the state of the art

Abstract

A state-of-the-art battery survey and data verification process were conducted with battery manufacturers and organizations involved in battery technology research and development. This report addresses those major battery technologies which were identified as either being developed or explored as potential candidates for major energy storage applications in electric utilities or transportation as well as for future operations with solar or wind energy systems. Near- and far-term battery systems, current data and opinions, and developments in both US and foreign battery technology for utility load leveling and electric vehicles are discussed. Background information and the scope of the report are given first. Then basic data for each battery type are summarized; a general discussion of other potential battery systems is also included. A comparative summary of battery cost and performance is presented; actual battery capabilities are discussed relative to the general requirements of electric utility load leveling and transportation applications. The current status of the scarce materials and environmental and safety problems related to battery technology is presented. The overall status of the current R and D programs and expected progress toward commercialization are discussed; the roles of competing technologies in two major markets for battery technology are addressed. General observations, conclusions, and recommendations are given. 9 figures, 25 tables. (RWR)