Abstract
Transportation electrification is regarded as one of the most significant opportunities to address the social and environmental challenges posed by mass motorization and rapid urbanization. Electric vehicles (EVs) are playing an essential role in realizing transportation electrification, with benefits of oil conservation, local air-quality improvement, global climate change mitigation, and transit mode upgrading. In principle, EVs include battery electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, with service types representing passenger vehicles, light-duty commercial vehicles, buses, and trucks. For brevity, EVs as referred to in this article are primarily passenger vehicles and light-duty commercial vehicles.
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