Abstract
This paper proposes an optimal grouping method for battery packs of electric vehicles (EVs). Based on modeling the vehicle powertrain, analyzing the battery degradation performance and setting up the driving cycle of an EV, a genetic algorithm (GA) is applied to optimize the battery grouping topology with the objective of minimizing the total cost of ownership (TCO). The battery capacity and the serial and parallel amounts of the pack can thus be determined considering the influence of battery degradation. The results show that the optimized pack grouping can be solved by GA within around 9 min. Compared with the results of maximum discharge efficiency within a fixed lifetime, the proposed method can not only achieve a higher discharge efficiency, but also reduce the TCO by 2.29%. To enlarge the applications of the proposed method, the sensitivity to driving conditions is also analyzed to further prove the feasibility of the proposed method.
Highlights
Nowadays, consumption of fossil fuel and increment of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have become major challenges to environmental pollution
Autonomie, which is an effective and of the modeling, the powertrain of the electric vehicles (EVs) is taken from Autonomie, which is an effective and wellwell-known simulation platform
This paper develops an optimization methodology for battery grouping configuration with the objective to minimize the total cost of ownership (TCO) based on the driving patterns of users
Summary
Consumption of fossil fuel and increment of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have become major challenges to environmental pollution. Vehicle electrification can mitigate these interactions by employing highly efficient motors to power vehicles [1,2]. Electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), plug-in HEVs (PHEVs) and fuel cell vehicles represent the developing directions of vehicle electrification. Among all the dominant solutions, EVs attract wide attention due to their relatively simple vehicle configuration, high operating efficiency, qualified driving performance and relatively mature energy storage technologies [3,4]. In an EV, the energy storage system, usually a lithium-ion battery pack, becomes the essential and predominant component employed to drive the motor according to the driving demand. It is considerably important and imperative to optimize the battery pack design with care to improve the vehicle economy
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