Abstract
Preserving high-voltage battery pack lifetime represents a key issue in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). Temperature has remarkably major impacts on battery lifetime and implementing HEV thermal and energy management approaches to enhance fuel economy while preserving battery lifetime at various temperatures still represents an open challenge. This paper introduces an optimization driven methodology to tune the parameters of thermal and energy on-board rule-based control approaches of a parallel through-the-road plug-in HEV. Particle swarm optimization is implemented to this end and the calibration objective involves minimizing HEV operative costs concerning energy consumption and battery degradation over the entire vehicle lifetime for various ambient temperatures, driving conditions, payload conditions, and cabin conditioning system states. Numerical models are implemented that can estimate the evolution over time of the state of charge, state of health, and temperature of HEV high-voltage battery packs. Obtained results suggest that the calibrated thermal and energy management strategy tends to reduce pure electric operation as the ambient temperature progressively increases beyond 30 °C. The consequent longer internal combustion engine operation entails a gradual increase in the overall vehicle energy demand. At a 36 °C ambient temperature, the HEV consumes 2.3 times more energy compared with the 15 °C reference value. Moreover, activating the cabin conditioning system seems beneficial for overall plug-in HEV energy consumption at high ambient temperatures. The presented methodology can contribute to easing and accelerating the development process for energy and thermal management systems of HEVs.
Highlights
Lithium-ion batteries currently represent the most commonly employed energy storage systems on-board hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and pure electric vehicles [1,2]
HEV operative cost, slightly increasing the usage of internal combustion engines (ICEs) might be advised at high ambient in order to preserve battery lifetime and avoid the costs required for replacing the temperatures in order to preserve battery lifetime and avoid the costs required for battery pack within the vehicle lifetime
This paper proposes the calibration of the thermal and energy management strategies This paper proposes the calibration of the thermal and energy management strategies of a plug-in to minimize the operative costs associated to fuel consumption, electricity of a plug-in to minimize the operative costs associated to fuel consumption, consumption, and battery pack degradation for the overall vehicle lifetime at various electricity consumption,Aand battery pack degradation for the overall vehiclearchitecture lifetime at ambient temperatures
Summary
Lithium-ion batteries currently represent the most commonly employed energy storage systems on-board hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and pure electric vehicles [1,2]. In 2012, Ebbesen et al first adopted the concept of SOH for controlling battery ageing using a throughput-based capacity fading model They simulated different driving missions by means of a quasi-static HEV model controlled by an equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) [15]. Du et al recently considered energy management for a parallel plug-in hybrid electric bus sensitive to both battery temperature and SOH. They suggested that noticeable equivalent cost savings might be attained by limiting the overall battery temperature increase while driving [24].
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