Abstract
Due to the increasing renewable penetration, there is potential for larger and faster grid frequency fluctuations increasing the risk of system instability. The National Grid Electricity Transmission, primary electricity transmission network operator in the UK, has introduced various frequency response services that are developed to provide a real-time response to deviations in the grid frequency. A battery energy storage system is a suitable choice for delivering such services. Here, a control algorithm is presented which generates a charge/discharge power output with respect to deviations in the grid frequency and the required specifications. Using the real UK electricity prices, an arbitrage control algorithm has been also developed to deliver different types of grid balancing services, while scheduling throughout the day for energy arbitrage. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm delivers both dynamic and non-dynamic firm frequency response and also enhanced frequency response to specifications, while generating arbitrage revenue in the balancing market. Simulation results on a 1 MW/1 MWh lithium-titanate BESS are provided to verify the proposed algorithm based on the control of an experimentally validated battery model.
Highlights
Due to the shift towards increased utilisation of renewable energy sources (RESs) in the form of wind and solar, the power grid is increasingly required to manage intermittent sources with variable output
This study presents new UK FFR control algorithms that enable battery energy storage system (BESS) to deliver a bi-directional power in response to changes in the grid frequency
This study examines the potential arbitrage revenues, while delivering dynamic FFR (DFFR), SFFRlow, SFFRhigh and EFR service for all settlement periods in a day
Summary
Due to the shift towards increased utilisation of renewable energy sources (RESs) in the form of wind and solar, the power grid is increasingly required to manage intermittent sources with variable output. Since the high penetration of renewable generation leads to power fluctuation on the generation side, and reduces the system inertia, the frequency stability issues become inevitable [7] To overcome this issue, National Grid Electricity Transmission (NGET), the primary electricity transmission network operator in the UK, introduced grid frequency balancing services such as firm frequency response (FFR), including primary, secondary, and high response, and a new enhanced frequency response (EFR) service, to assist with maintaining the grid frequency. The obtained arbitrage revenue generated by different UK grid balancing services is compared with that of a previous study [1] which investigates a forecasting SOC management strategy to deliver only EFR service, while scheduling throughout the day energy arbitrage opportunities
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