Battery Cell Equalization via Megahertz Multiple-Receiver Wireless Power Transfer

Abstract

This paper proposes a new battery cell voltage equalization approach using multiple-receiver wireless power transfer (WPT) working at megahertz (MHz). Compared with existing multiwinding transformer, the MHz multiple-receiver WPT system is advantageous in terms of saved weight and space, ease of implementation, and improved safety. In this paper, the unique operating principle of the WPT-based equalization is first explained, through which equalization currents are naturally determined by the battery cell voltage distribution. The currents are also analytically derived. This facilitates the discussion on power amplifier (PA) design. Performance analysis is then provided to investigate the influences of system parameters on the efficiency and equalization ability of the proposed WPT-based equalization system, and thus guide following design and implementation. Considering the uncertainty in PA load due to the random cell voltage distribution, a current-model Class $E$ PA is designed that enables approximately constant PA output current. Experimental results show that the proposed multiple-receiver WPT-based battery cell equalization system can achieve high overall system efficiency (above 71%) when equalizing six lithium-ion battery cells under loosely coupling ( $k$ = 0.065). A good match between the experimental and calculation results also validates the correctness of the theoretical discussion.