Abstract
We evaluated the preventive effects of four types of seawater collected in Republic of Korea on hairless mice with 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene- (DNCB-) induced allergic/atopic dermatitis (AD). The anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated by measuring tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) α and interleukins (ILs). Glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide anion, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were measured to evaluate the antioxidant effects. Caspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) were observed to measure the antiapoptotic effects; matrix metalloproteinase- (MMP-) 9 levels were also evaluated. Mice with AD had markedly higher clinical skin severity scores and scratching behaviors; higher TNF-α and ILs (1β, 10, 4, 5, and 13) levels; higher MDA, superoxide anion, caspase-3, PARP, and MMP-9 levels; and greater iNOS activity. However, the severity of AD was significantly decreased by bathing in seawaters, but it did not influence the dermal collagen depositions and skin tissue antioxidant defense systems. These results suggest that bathing in all four seawaters has protective effects against DNCB-induced AD through their favorable systemic and local immunomodulatory effects, active cytoprotective antiapoptotic effects, inhibitory effects of MMP activity and anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects.
Highlights
Allergic/atopic dermatitis (AD), a chronic inflammatory skin disease associated with cutaneous hyperreactivity, affects approximately 3% of infants, 10–20% of children, and 1–3% of adults worldwide [1]
We evaluated the anti-AD effects of various types of seawaters collected in Republic of Korea, namely, west surface seawater (WSSW) collected from Wepori, Ganghwa-do; west saline groundwater (WSGW) collected from Yonggungoncheon, Seokmo-do; east surface seawater (ESSW) collected from Nagok-ri, Uljin; and east saline groundwater (ESGW) collected from Hoojeong-ri, Uljin, (Table 1)
Scratching of the rostral back and biting of the caudal back were observed; scratching movements by the hind paw were defined as a scratching bout that ended when the mice either licked their hind paw or placed their hind paw back on the floor, and a series of one or more biting movements were counted as one episode that ended when the mouse returned to the straight-forward position [4]
Summary
Allergic/atopic dermatitis (AD), a chronic inflammatory skin disease associated with cutaneous hyperreactivity, affects approximately 3% of infants, 10–20% of children, and 1–3% of adults worldwide [1]. Patients with AD develop extremely itchy skin followed by severe scratching behavior that induces the production of proinflammatory cytokines [2]. This in turn activates immune cells and initiates an inflammatory cycle of AD accompanied by erythema, keratosis, and scaling [3]. All of these symptoms are the consequence of an imbalanced immune response to various allergens [4]. The IgE level is associated with the severity of AD, and the Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
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