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Abstract
In this study, we converted activated carbon (AC) into magnetic activated carbon (MAC), which was established to have removed arsenic (III) from wastewater. Arsenic (III) is a toxic heavy metal which is readily soluble in water and can be detrimental to human health. The MAC was prepared by incorporating Fe3O4 into the AC by using Fe3O4 extracted from a ferrous sulfate solution, designated: magnetic palm kernel shell from iron suspension (MPKSF). Batch experiments were conducted using two methods: (1) one-factor-at-a-time and (2) Box–Behnken statistical analysis. Results showed that the optimum conditions resulted in 95% of As(III) removal in the wastewater sample. The adsorption data were best fitted to the Langmuir isotherm. The adsorption of As(III) onto the MPKSF was confirmed by energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry analysis which detected the presence of As(III) of 0.52% on the surface of the MPKSF. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis of the MPKSF–As presented a peak at 573 cm−1, which was assigned to M–O (metal–oxygen) bending, indicating the coordination of As(III) with oxygen through the formation of inner-sphere complexation, thereby indicating a covalent bonding between the MPKSF functional groups and As(III). The findings suggested that the MPKSF exhibited a strong capacity to efficiently remove As(III) from wastewater, while the desorption studies showed that the As(III) was rigidly bound to the MPKSF thereby eliminating the possibility of secondary pollution.
Highlights
Removal of contaminants such as arsenic (As) from wastewater by adsorption mechanisms remains the most effective method (Elizalde-Gonzalez et al 2001)
The findings suggested that the magnetic palm kernel shell from iron suspension (MPKSF) exhibited a strong capacity to efficiently remove As(III) from wastewater, while the desorption studies showed that the As(III) was rigidly bound to the MPKSF thereby eliminating the possibility of secondary pollution
The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectrum of the MPKSF exhibited intense OH bending at 1629 cm-1 which can be attributed to the presence of oxygen in the samples, while the absorption bands at 1093 and 579 cm-1 indicated the presence of C–O stretching and metal–oxygen (M–O) bands due to the interaction of iron and oxygen
Summary
Removal of contaminants such as arsenic (As) from wastewater by adsorption mechanisms remains the most effective method (Elizalde-Gonzalez et al 2001). AC has been found to be more effective relative to the other adsorbents mentioned above, especially for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions, with percentage removal ranging from 82 to 96% (Ribeiro et al 2006), this technique may not be adequate when it comes to a heavy metal like As(III) which is known to be highly soluble in water. Difficulties arise when it comes to the removal of As(III) from wastewater compared to arsenate As(V) due to its high solubility in the aqueous environment, As(III) which is the most toxic is the most difficult to remove from water (Pattanayak et al 2000). Whereas As(V) is mostly removed by outer-sphere
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