Basil Seed Inspired Design for a Monodisperse Core-Shell Sn@C Hybrid Confined in a Carbon Matrix for Enhanced Lithium-Storage Performance.

Abstract

Tin anode materials have attracted much attention owing to their high theoretical capacity, although rapid capacity fade is commonly observed mainly because of structural degradation resulting from volume expansion. Herein, we report a versatile strategy based on a basil seed inspired design for constructing a monodisperse core-shell Sn@C hybrid confined in a carbon matrix (Sn basil seeds). Analogous to the structure of basil seeds soaked in water, Sn basil seeds are used to tackle the volume expansion problem in lithium-ion batteries. Monodisperse Sn cores are encapsulated by a thick carbon layer, which thus lowers the electrolyte contact area. The obtained Sn basil seeds are closely packed to construct a framework that supplies fast electron transport and provides a reinforced mechanical backbone. As a consequence, an ensemble of this hybrid network shows significantly enhanced lithium-storage performance with a high capacity of 870 mAh g-1 at a current density of 0.4 A g-1 over 600 cycles. After the intense cycling, the Sn cores transform into ultrafine nanocrystals with sizes of 3-6 nm. The structural and morphological evolution of the Sn cores can reasonably explain the gradual increase in the capacity and the long-term cycling ability of our Sn basil seeds.