Abstract
This chapter covers the basic concepts of the information systems (IS) field to prepare the reader to quickly approach the book’s other chapters: the Definition of information, the notion of system, and, more particularly, information systems. We also discuss the typology of IS according to the managerial level and decision-making in the IS. Furthermore, we describe information systems applications covering functional areas and focusing on the execution of business processes across the enterprise, including all management levels. We briefly discuss the aspects related to IS security that ensure the protection and integrity of information. We continue our exploration by presenting several metrics, mainly financial, to assess the added value of IS in companies. Next, we present a brief description of a very fashionable approach to make the information system evolve in all coherence, which is the urbanization of IS. We conclude this chapter with some IS challenges focusing on the leading causes of IS implementation’s failure and success.
Highlights
According to Russell Ackoff [1], a systems theorist and professor of organizational change, the content of the human mind can be classified into three categories: 1. Data represents a fact or an event statement unrelated to other things
Sometimes this process is observational. Ackoff defines it as applying data and information; knowledge provides answers to the question “how” For example, what happens in cold weather for aircraft managers? Observational knowledge engineers interpret cold by its impact, which is the ice that can form on an aircraft by reducing aerodynamic thrust and potentially hampering the performance of its control surfaces [2]
By taking into account its external and internal constraints while taking advantage of the opportunities of the IT state of the art. This discipline is based on a series of concepts modeled on those of the urbanization of human habitat, concepts that have been reused in IT to formalize or model the information system
Summary
According to Russell Ackoff [1], a systems theorist and professor of organizational change, the content of the human mind can be classified into three categories: 1. Data represents a fact or an event statement unrelated to other things. 2. Information is data combined with meaning. According to Ackoff, information is useful data; it provides answers to the questions: “who,” “what,” “where,” and “when.”. Knowledge constitutes an additional semantic level derived from information via a process. Ackoff defines it as applying data and information; knowledge provides answers to the question “how” For example, what happens in cold weather for aircraft managers? Ex: If the humidity is very high and the temperature drops drastically, the atmosphere is unlikely to hold the humidity so that it rains This knowledge has a useful meaning, but its integration in a context will infer new knowledge. Most of the applications we use (modeling, simulation, etc.) use stored knowledge
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