Abstract
Oxygen (O2) is essential for human life. Molecular oxygen is vital for the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in human cells. O2 deficiency leads to a reduction in the energy levels that are required to maintain biological functions. O2 acts as the final acceptor of electrons during oxidative phosphorylation, a series of ATP synthesis reactions that occur in conjunction with the electron transport system in mitochondria. Persistent O2 deficiency may cause death due to malfunctioning biological processes. The above account summarizes the classic view of oxygen. However, this classic view has been reviewed over the last two decades. Although O2 is essential for life, higher organisms such as mammals are unable to biosynthesize molecular O2 in the body. Because the multiple organs of higher organisms are constantly exposed to the risk of “O2 deficiency,” living organisms have evolved elaborate strategies to respond to hypoxia. In this review, I will describe the system that governs oxygen homeostasis in the living body from the point-of-view of the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF).
Highlights
The theory of phlogiston was proposed before the discovery of O2 [1,2]
It is reported that ROS oxidize Fe (II) at the catalytic site of prolyl hydroxylase domains (PHD), blocking such activity [149]. Another possibility is that ROS inhibits PHDs via the oxidation of active site amino acids [148]. These possibilities indicate that an increase in ROS during inflammation may contribute to hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α accumulation and its activation
These results confirmed that transcriptional activation of HIF-1α by IKKβ-responsive nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) is a crucial precursor to post-transcriptional stabilization and accumulation of the HIF-1α protein
Summary
The theory of phlogiston was proposed before the discovery of O2 [1,2]. It was believed that substances burned in air were rich in phlogiston. When air became completely “phlogisticated,” it was no longer able to support the combustion of any material This led to the concept that “burning” was a process, which released a substance termed phlogiston. Hypoxemia, defined as a drop in the partial pressure of O2 in blood, leads to hypoxia. Due to drugs or cells mitochondrial a response resembling a hypoxic state is observed at the (EPO)-producing (REP cells),disorders, believed to be present in kidney stroma, may sense discrepancies tissue/cell level. This field of study may be termed investigative hypoxia biology. The partial pressure of Oa2 role in in cells bothisenergy production and signal transduction in the body. Point of view of the transcription factors hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)
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