Baseline Sensitivity and Toxic Actions of Prochloraz to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.

Abstract

The ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitor prochloraz is a broad-spectrum fungicide and has been registered in China since 2007 for control of the economically important necrotrophic pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. In this study, relative baseline sensitivity and toxic actions of prochloraz on S. sclerotiorum were investigated. The mean EC50 values (effective concentrations causing 50% mycelial growth inhibition) for isolates collected in 2008 (n = 73) and 2014 (n = 76) were 0.0463 and 0.0434 µg/ml, respectively. There was no significant difference (P = 0.348) in EC50 values between the two years. Both frequency distributions of EC50 values for 2008 and 2014 were unimodal. The curative efficacy of prochloraz was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of the reference fungicide carbendazim. Prochloraz in potato dextrose agar (PDA) at concentrations from 0.01 to 0.36 µg/ml had no significant (P = 0.574) effects on the weight of sclerotia, but the number of sclerotia per plate increased for treatments with prochloraz at 0.15 and 0.36 µg/ml. Light microscopic observations showed that prochloraz in PDA at 0.03 µg/ml increased the number of hyphal offshoots. Observations with a transmission electron microscope showed that the cell wall of the prochloraz-treated hyphae became thicker and darker than the nontreated control. Prochloraz at 0.01 and 0.04 µg/ml significantly (P < 0.001) reduced rather than increased cell membrane permeability. Prochloraz significantly (P = 0.041) increased the mannan content in the cell wall of S. sclerotiorum. The observed mycelial growth inhibitions for the mixtures of prochloraz at 0.03 µg/ml and Congo red at a dose range from 0.05 to 0.4% (w/v) were lower than the expected inhibitions, indicating prochloraz might reduce the content of chitin in S. sclerotiorum. These results demonstrate that prochloraz has significant effects on the morphology and components of the cell wall of S. sclerotiorum and thus will advance our understanding of the toxic actions of prochloraz on phytopathogenic fungi.