Abstract
Seabed mapping can quantify the extent of benthic habitats that comprise marine ecosystems, and assess the impact of fisheries on an ecosystem. In this study, the distribution of seabed habitats in a proposed no-take Marine Reserve along the northeast coast of Great Barrier Island, New Zealand, was mapped using underwater video combined with bathymetry and substratum data. As a result of the boundary extending to the 12 nautical mile Territorial Limit, it would have been the largest coastal Marine Reserve in the country. Recreational and commercial fisheries occur in the region and would be expected to affect species’ abundance. The seabed of the study area and adjacent coastal waters has been trawled up to five times per year. Benthic communities were grouped by multivariate cluster analysis into four biotope classes; namely (1) shallow water macroalgae Ecklonia sp. and Ulva sp. on rocky substrata (Eck.Ulv); and deeper (2) diverse epifauna of sponges and bryozoans on rocky substrata (Por.Bry), (3) brittle star Amphiura sp. and sea anemone Edwardsia sp. on muddy sand (Amph.Edw), and (4) hydroids on mud (Hyd). In biotopes Por.Bry, Amph.Edw and Hyd, there where boulders and rocks were present, and diverse sponge, bryozoan and coral communities. Fifty species were recorded in the deep water survey including significant numbers of the shallow-water hexactinellid glass sponges Symplectella rowi Dendy, 1924 and Rossella ijimai Dendy, 1924, the giant pipe demosponge Isodictya cavicornuta Dendy, 1924, black corals, and locally endemic gorgonians. The habitats identified in the waters to the northeast of Great Barrier Island are likely to be representative of similar depth ranges in northeast New Zealand. This study provides a baseline of the benthic habitats so that should the area become a Marine Reserve, any habitat change might be related to protection from fishing activities and impacts, such as recovery of epifauna following cessation of trawling. The habitat map may also be used to stratify future sampling that would aim to collect and identify epifauna and infauna for identification, and thus better describe the biodiversity of the area.
Highlights
Understanding the spatial distribution of habitats is fundamental to establishing conservation areas and environmental impact assessment, and provides a baseline against which future change in biodiversity can be recognized (Neilson & Costello, 1999; McMath et al, 2000; Costello, 2009; Leleu et al, 2012)
Habitat maps provide the spatial structure of ecosystems that is fundamental to understanding biodiversity (Costello, 2001; Costello, 2009; Appeltans et al, 2013)
Habitat maps have been used to identify sites that incorporate the ecological processes that support biodiversity, including the presence of exploitable species, vulnerable life stages, and habitat inter-connectivity (Roberts et al, 2003). They provide the context for biodiversity management which operates at a landscape level (Perrings, Folke & Maler, 1992; Lundblad et al, 2006; Smale et al, 2012; Rovere et al, 2013)
Summary
Understanding the spatial distribution of habitats is fundamental to establishing conservation areas and environmental impact assessment, and provides a baseline against which future change in biodiversity can be recognized (Neilson & Costello, 1999; McMath et al, 2000; Costello, 2009; Leleu et al, 2012). Habitat maps have been used to identify sites that incorporate the ecological processes that support biodiversity, including the presence of exploitable species, vulnerable life stages, and habitat inter-connectivity (Roberts et al, 2003). They provide the context for biodiversity management which operates at a landscape (and seascape) level (Perrings, Folke & Maler, 1992; Lundblad et al, 2006; Smale et al, 2012; Rovere et al, 2013).
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