Barriers to implementing risk management practices in microgreens growing operations in the United States: Thematic analysis of interviews and survey data

Abstract

Microgreens are an emerging raw salad crop most often cultivated using indoor farming systems. Minimal information is currently available regarding production and distribution practices of microgreens growers in the United States (U.S.). Describing these practices can inform training focused on risk management practices tailored to the U.S. microgreens industry. This study aimed to describe barriers to implementing risk management practices among U.S. microgreens growers. Data collection methods included semi-structured interviews (n = 47) and a supplemental online survey completed by microgreens growers (n = 48) in the U.S. Survey data indicated high prevalence of microgreens growing indoors in residential areas (70.8%) using traditional cultivation methods with soilless growing media. Revenue due to microgreens sales ranged from <US$5000 to > US$50,000 per year, and certifications, such as “USDA organic” or good agricultural practices (GAPs), were not widely pursued. The majority of microgreens were sold directly to consumers at farmer's markets (32.7%) and/or to restaurant operators for use in food service establishments (31.0%). The internet was the most popular source of educational information used by first-time microgreens growers. Growers were generally unsure whether their microgreens growing operations were covered by the FSMA Produce Safety rule. The 12 interview questions elucidated three classes of themes: contextual, barriers to risk management, and training. Eleven subthemes were identified, and an example of a subtheme within each class, respectively, includes: controlling climate and contaminants within the growing space; misunderstanding the definitions of cleaning, sanitizing, and disinfecting; and training preferences. Findings from this study indicate a need to create a centralized source of essential content to support microgreens growers' needs in different geographic areas, as regulations can vary by state. Moreover, microgreens growers are unique in that most are sole proprietors growing in residential areas, and the current produce safety training does not address information relevant to their operation.