Abstract
Adatoms at semiconductor surfaces may induce surface states within the band gap of the semiconductor. These energy levels are discrete as long as the adatoms are sparsely distributed so that they are non-interacting. This behavior is quite different from what occurs on metal surfaces. The interaction of the adatoms with the continuum of conduction-band states of the metal, which reaches up to the Fermi level, broadens the sharp atomic levels into wide resonances [Gurney 1935]. This is schematically explained in Fig. 9.1. For the same reason, foreign atoms or, more generally speaking, defects at metal—semiconductor interfaces will also show broad interface states.
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