Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) show great promise in developing biomarkers for specific targets such as diseases, provided their surfaces are adequately modified. Zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs, which are non-toxic, are a strong candidate for use as markers, as we have accumulated knowledge on how to chemically modify their surface. In this study, we determined the uptake ratio (rupt) of ZnO NPs in barley using electron microscopy and related techniques. When using single ZnO NPs, the rupt value was 0% at the leaf part. However, when cultivated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and liquid fertilizer, rupt increased to 40%. This result may be attributed to the mutualistic relationship between the fungi and the root, which enhanced water absorption due to the more efficient activity of the rhizosphere.
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