Barium–Nitrogen Phases Under Pressure: Emergence of Structural Diversity and Nitrogen-Rich Compounds

Abstract

Although the potential of polynitrogen as a high-energy density material (HEDM) has attracted attention, the difficulty of preserving polynitrogen thwarts attempts to discover molecular and extended nitrogen structures. Mixing nitrogen with electropositive elements to obtain viable solid-state compounds represents one approach to overcome thermodynamic/kinetic instability. In pursuit of barium nitrides within the Ba–N family, we theoretically explored the ground/metastable structures from ambient pressure up to 100 GPa. Crystal structure prediction (CSP) based on evolutionary algorithms and density functional theory identified 13 stoichiometries and 24 stable structures; several metastable phases were dynamically stable. Pressure and barium/nitrogen ratio represent controllable factors for polynitrogen net preparation. Four types of phases could be classified based on nitrogen structural dimensionality: isolated nitrogen atom; nitrogen molecules, e.g., N2 dumbbells, linear N3 azides, N4 zigzag units, N5 p...