Bandwidth Expansion Through Large-Amplitude Modulation and Proportional Feedback for Single-Beam Atomic Magnetometers

Abstract

Atomic magnetometers are widely acknowledged as one of the most sensitive devices for magnetic field measurement. Our study presents a novel method that enables bandwidth expansion of single-beam magnetometers in the spin-exchange relaxation-free regime. This method bases on increasing the modulation amplitude of magnetic field combining with negative feedback with proportional gain. Through our method, the magnetometer&#x2019;s total relaxation rate is moderately increased by elevating modulation amplitude and frequency, and correspondingly, the detection bandwidth experiences dramatic improvement from 230 Hz to 1380 Hz. The application of negative feedback with proportional gain further increases this bandwidth to higher than 4 kHz, which is over 17 times of its original value. The sensitivity of the magnetometer under this condition is measured as 25 fT/<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text {Hz}^{\text {1/2}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> for open-loop scheme and 35 fT/<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text {Hz}^{\text {1/2}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> for closed-loop scheme. Comparatively, the sensitivity measured on conventional conditions in our experiment is 12 fT/<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text {Hz}^{\text {1/2}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. This approach offers a profitable trade-off that extraordinary expansion of detection bandwidth can be acquired with the price of a little sensitivity loss. Our method is advantageous for miniaturization of atomic magnetometers as no extra hardware is added, which is of special interest for applications including biomagnetic measurement where large detection bandwidth is sometimes in need.