Abstract
BackgroundAtopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic relapsing allergic inflammatory skin disease that currently affects millions of children and adults worldwide. Drugs used to treat these inflammatory diseases include anti-histamines, corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors but these drugs have their limitations such as adverse effects with their long-term usage. Thus, researcher’s interest in several alternative and complementary therapies are continually growing and balneotherapy is one of these approaches. Therefore, we investigate the bathing effect of high concentration mineral spring water (HMW) on redox balance and immune modulation in 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced atopic dermatitis like inflammation in hairless mice.MethodsWe induced AD-like inflammation by application of DNCB on the dorsal skin of female skh-1 hairless mice. The mice were treated with 100% pure HMW (PHMW) and 10% diluted HMW (DHMW) through bathing once a day for 4 weeks. Tacrolimus ointment (0.1%) was used as positive control (PC) and only DNCB treatment as negative control (NeC) group. The severity of skin lesion inflammation was assessed through clinical scoring and observing scratching behavior. Levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE) and inflammatory cytokines in serum were detected by ELISA and multiplex bead array system, and the levels of oxidative stress-related biomarkers and antioxidant enzyme were also measured.ResultsWe found that HMW significantly decreased the scratching behavior in PHMW and DHMW groups at the 2nd week and in PHMW group at 4th week compared to NeC group. Likewise, serum IgE level was significantly decreased in DHMW group as compared to NeC group. In line, the level of inflammatory cytokines in serum such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-13 and tumor necrosis factor-α were significantly inhibited in PHMW and DHMW groups compared to NeC group. In parallel, total reactive oxygen species (ROS) of serum level was significantly decreased in PHMW treatment groups compared to NeC group. Consistently, serum malondialdehyde (MDA) level in PHMW group was lower than in NeC group. By contrast, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity was significantly enhanced in PHMW than NeC.ConclusionCollectively, our study indicates a balneotherapeutic effect of HMW on DNCB-induced AD like inflammation in hairless mice via immunomodulation and redox balance.
Highlights
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic relapsing allergic inflammatory skin disease that currently affects millions of children and adults worldwide
Apart from this, the moderate level of some minerals such as manganese and sulfur in thermal spring water have been reported to be bactericidal against Staphylococcus aureus (SA) commensally resident in AD patient’s skin [13, 19]. Despite of these intermittent and superficial evidence of balneotherapy against AD, balneotherapy with higher levels of complex minerals in spring water is poorly documented, and further unclear about the detailed mechanisms of immunomodulation and redox balance in AD like inflammation. To address this issue, using natural mineral spring water, which is known for higher levels of complex minerals (Table 1), we investigated the balneotherapeutic effects on immunomodulation and redox balance in 2,4dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced atopic dermatitis like inflammation in hairless mice
We found that pure HMW (PHMW) and diluted high concentration mineral spring water (HMW) (DHMW) groups showed a slight decrease of DNCB-induced skin severity compared to negative control (NeC) group (Fig. 2a and b)
Summary
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic relapsing allergic inflammatory skin disease that currently affects millions of children and adults worldwide. Drugs used to treat these inflammatory diseases include anti-histamines, corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors but these drugs have their limitations such as adverse effects with their long-term usage. In the therapeutic point of view, AD is featured by an impairment of the skin-barrier function, increased oxidative stress, dysfunctional immune system and elevated serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels [1, 3] To alleviate these pathognomic feature, conventional drugs like antihistamines, corticosteroids, and calcineurin inhibitors have been used to treat these inflammatory allergic disorders. These drugs have their own limitations, such as the short term usage (2-4 weeks), which is insufficient for clinical effectiveness, adverse side effects, and intolerance. Balneotherapy is one of these candidates to ameliorate AD with or without conventional medication
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