Balloon Dilation of the Pediatric Airway: Clinical and Research Updates

Abstract

Endoscopic airway balloon dilation (ABD) has emerged in recent years as an important technique in the management of pediatric airway stenosis. It can be utilized either as primary treatment or as a therapeutic adjunct to open airway surgery. Multiple studies have demonstrated a role for ABD in the management of early acquired subglottic stenosis, where it obviates the need for tracheotomy or open airway surgery in approximately two-thirds of patients. Its mechanism involves the disruption of immature scar tissue, although in certain scenarios it may actually decompress the airway by fracturing the cartilaginous framework of the subglottis. Complications are rare but include soft tissue injury, airway rupture, and device malfunction. Future studies are needed to determine the histopathological effects of ABD, identify optimal balloon inflation parameters, and identify variables that predict successful clinical outcomes.