Abstract
Multi-hop data collection in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is a challenge issue due to the limited energy resource and transmission range of wireless sensors. The hybrid clustering and routing (HCR) strategy has provided an effective solution, which can generate a connected and efficient cluster-based topology for multi-hop data collection in WSNs. However, it suffers from imbalanced energy consumption, which results in the poor performance of the network lifetime. In this paper, we evaluate the energy consumption of HCR and discover an important result: the imbalanced energy consumption generally appears in gradient , i.e., the nodes that can communicate with the sink directly. Based on this observation, we propose a new protocol called HCR-1, which includes the adaptive relay selection and tunable cost functions to balance the energy consumption. The guideline of setting the parameters in HCR-1 is provided based on simulations. The analytical and numerical results prove that, with minor modification of the topology in gradient , the HCR-1 protocol effectively balances the energy consumption and prolongs the network lifetime.
Highlights
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) [1] have been widely used to collect sensing data in various applications, such as industrial control [2,3], environment monitoring [4,5] and transportation systems [6,7]
We study how the parameter settings impact the performance of hybrid clustering and routing (HCR)-1 and compare the performance of HCR-1 with that of HCR
The network lifetime is defined as the operating rounds when the first dead node (FND) appears [10], and the residual energy ratio is the ratio of residual energy to initial energy at the end of the network lifetime
Summary
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) [1] have been widely used to collect sensing data in various applications, such as industrial control [2,3], environment monitoring [4,5] and transportation systems [6,7]. In [19], the authors argue that the energy efficiency of these works can hardly be achieved with the constraint of network connectivity They propose a hybrid clustering and routing (HCR) protocol that combines the gradient routing with dynamic clustering to generate a connected and efficient inter-cluster topology with limited transmission range. We exploit the distribution of the energy consumption in HCR and discover an interesting result: the imbalanced energy consumption generally appears in the nodes that can transmit the data to the sink directly, i.e., the nodes in gradient k = 1. This result motivates us to improve the performance of HCR by balancing the energy consumption in gradient k = 1. It is important to design an adaptive scheme to identify if a node requires the relay
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