Balanced diffraction aberrations, independent of the observation point: application to a tilted dielectric plate

Abstract

Balancing of Zernike aberrations breaks down if the defocus term is large enough that the condition (z/λ)≪2/[π(NA)⁴] is not satisfied. A modified Zernike aberration expansion, based on the Zernike aberrations, is developed that accurately includes axial displacement as a low-order term, even for large displacements. This expansion can be used to analyze aberrations for on-axis illumination of a high numerical aperture system. But more importantly, for systems of moderate numerical aperture it allows balanced aberration coefficients to be determined independent of the assumption of a particular reference point. The approach is applied to the case of a tilted dielectric plate. An exact expression is given for the wave front aberration, valid for both large angles of tilt and high beam convergence angles, that is independent of observation distance. Analytical expressions for the third- and fifth-order aberration coefficients are derived. Expressions are given for expansion of multiple-angle power series terms into Zernike polynomials.