Abstract
Badnaviruses (Family: Caulimoviridae; Genus: Badnavirus) are non-enveloped bacilliform DNA viruses with a monopartite genome containing about 7.2 to 9.2 kb of dsDNA with three to seven open reading frames. They are transmitted by mealybugs and a few species by aphids in a semi-persistent manner. They are one of the most important plant virus groups and have emerged as serious pathogens affecting the cultivation of several horticultural crops in the tropics, especially banana, black pepper, cocoa, citrus, sugarcane, taro, and yam. Some badnaviruses are also known as endogenous viruses integrated into their host genomes and a few such endogenous viruses can be awakened, e.g., through abiotic stress, giving rise to infective episomal forms. The presence of endogenous badnaviruses poses a new challenge for the fool-proof diagnosis, taxonomy, and management of the diseases. The present review aims to highlight emerging disease problems, virus characteristics, transmission, and diagnosis of badnaviruses.
Highlights
Plant pararetroviruses (Family: Caulimoviridae) contain eight genera with two distinct virion morphologies: Caulimovirus (10 species), Soymovirus, Solendovirus, Cavemovirus, Petuvirus, and Rosadnavirus have isometric particles, whereas members of Badnavirus (32 species) and Tungrovirus have bacilliform ones
Illegitimate and usually fragmented pararetroviral integration occurs in different plants, as reported (Tabac TVCV-like) [1]; [2]; [3] [4], [5] and [6]
A combination of immunosorbent electron microscopy (ISEM), immunocapture PCR (IC-PCR), rolling circle amplification (RCA), virus purification, Southern and in situ hybridizations, and complete sequencing of the virus genome may be required to elucidate the precise identification of the type of sequences present
Summary
Plant pararetroviruses (Family: Caulimoviridae) contain eight genera with two distinct virion morphologies: Caulimovirus (10 species), Soymovirus (one species), Solendovirus (two species), Cavemovirus (two species), Petuvirus (one species), and Rosadnavirus (one species) have isometric particles, whereas members of Badnavirus (32 species) and Tungrovirus (one species) have bacilliform ones. Asymptomatic nature of diseased plants to moderate They include chlorotic mottle or necrotic streaks, deformation of leaves, and reduced and masking of symptoms during certain periods are common for most plants infected with internode length leading to stunting of plants. A majority of badnaviruses infect virus perennial hosts that are Kalanchoe top-‐‐spotting virus (KTSV), Piper yellow mottle virus (PYMoV), Cacao swollen shoot virus propagated vegetatively. Large-scale primary spread of badnaviruses occurs through vegetative (CSSV), and Taro bacilliform virus (TaBV), are known to be seed-‐‐transmitted (Supplementary propagation and a few, such as Commelina yellow mottle virus (ComYMV), Kalanchoe top-spotting virus. The secondary or horizontal spread of the majority of badnavirus species (KTSV), Piper yellow mottle virus (PYMoV), Cacao swollen shoot virus (CSSV), and Taro bacilliform virus occurs through various mealybug species, while Rubus yellow net virus (RYNV), Gooseberry vein (TaBV),banding are knownvirus to be(GVBaV), seed-transmitted ICAR-SBI, Coimbatore); (i) umbrella-shaped leaf due to the infection of taro bacilliform virus
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