Bacteriota and Antibiotic Resistance in Spiders.

Abstract

Simple SummaryThe microbiomes of insects are known for having a great impact on their physiological properties for survival, such as nutrition, behavior, and health. In nature, spiders are one of the main insect predators, and their microbiomes have remained unclear yet. It is important to explore the microbiomes of spiders with the positive effect in the wild to gain an insight into the host–bacterial relationship. The insects have been the primary focus of microbiome studies from all arthropods. Although the research focused on the microbiome of spiders is still scarce, there is a possibility that spiders host diverse assemblages of bacteria, and some of them alter their physiology and behavior. According to our findings, there is a need for holistic microbiome studies across many organisms, which would increase our knowledge of the diversity and evolution of symbiotic relationships. Antimicrobial resistance is one of the most serious global public health threats in this century. Therefore, the knowledge and some information about insects and their ability to act as reservoirs of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms should be determined in order to ensure that they are not transferred to humans. It is important to monitor the microbiome of spiders found in human houses and the transmission of resistant microorganisms, which can be dangerous in relation to human health.Arthropods are reported to serve as vectors of transmission of pathogenic microorganisms to humans, animals, and the environment. The aims of our study were (i) to identify the external bacteriota of spiders inhabiting a chicken farm and slaughterhouse and (ii) to detect antimicrobial resistance of the isolates. In total, 102 spiders of 14 species were collected from a chicken farm, slaughterhouse, and buildings located in west Slovakia in 2017. Samples were diluted in peptone buffered water, and Tryptone Soya Agar (TSA), Triple Sugar Agar (TSI), Blood Agar (BA), and Anaerobic Agar (AA) were used for inoculation. A total of 28 genera and 56 microbial species were isolated from the samples. The most abundant species were Bacillus pumilus (28 isolates) and B. thuringensis (28 isolates). The least isolated species were Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (one isolate), Kocuria rhizophila (two isolates), Paenibacillus polymyxa (two isolates), and Staphylococcus equorum (two isolates). There were differences in microbial composition between the samples originating from the slaughterhouse, chicken farm, and buildings. The majority of the bacterial isolates resistant to antibiotics were isolated from the chicken farm. The isolation of potentially pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella, Escherichia, and Salmonella spp., which possess multiple drug resistance, is of public health concern.