Abstract
ABSTRACT The present study was designed to analyse the microbiological quality of groundwater in open-defaecation-free (ODF) villages of the Kurukshetra district in Haryana. Twenty-seven groundwater samples were collected from borewells of nine ODF villages located in three different blocks of the Kurukshetra district in three seasons and analysed for total and faecal coliform count. The presence of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria was observed in all the groundwater samples and the dominating genera found were Klebsiella sp. All strains were found to be resistant to clindamycin (100%) followed by gentamicin (66.6%), azithromycin and streptomycin (50%) and chloramphenicol (33.3 %) antibiotics. Minimum resistance of isolates was observed for antibiotic norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin (16.66%) and zero resistance were observed against tetracycline. The Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index values indicated that in a majority of the samples (66.6%), the source of contamination was non-human, but nearly 33.3% were found to be contaminated by some human sources.
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