Abstract
Nanoscale materials have recently gained wide attention due to their potential to revolutionize many technologies and industrial sectors, including information technology, homeland security, transportation, energy, food safety, environmental science, catalysis, photonics and medicine. Among various nanoparticles, platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) are widely used for biomedical applications, including imaging, implants, photothermal therapy and drug delivery. Indeed, PtNPs possesses intrinsic antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. Also, due to their remarkable catalytic activity, they are able to reduce the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and impair the downstream pathways leading to inflammation. Various approaches, including both physical and chemical methods, are currently employed for synthesis of PtNPs. However, the use of hazardous reaction conditions and toxic chemicals in these processes poses a potential threat to the environment and severely compromise the biocompatibility of the nanoparticles. Hereby, increasing need for exploitation of novel routes for synthesis of PtNPs has led to development of biological fabrication using microbes, specifically bacteria. Herein, we present a most comprehensive report on biogenesis of PtNPs by several bacteria like Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Desulfovibrio alaskensis, Escherichia coli, Shewanella algae, Plectonema boryanum, etc. An overview of the underlying mechanisms of both enzymatic and non-enzymatic methods of synthesis is included. Moreover, this review highlights the scope of developing optimized process to control the physicochemical properties, such as the nanoparticle surface chemistry, charge, size and shape, which, in turn, may affect their nanotoxicity and response at the biointerface for nanomedicine applications.
Highlights
Biological synthesis of nanoparticles has emerged as a promising area of nanobiotechnology which has attempted to develop environmentally benign green routes for synthesis of various nanostructures with exotic shape and sizes (Thakkar et al, 2010)
We have reported fabrication of platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) and its alloy with palladium from medicinal plants like Gloriosa superba, Barleria prionitis, and Dioscorea bulbifera
The organism was grown on Postgate Media C (PGMC) where lactate was used as carbon source and was incubated in anaerobic hood fed with 10% CO2 and H2 at 30°C
Summary
Biological synthesis of nanoparticles has emerged as a promising area of nanobiotechnology which has attempted to develop environmentally benign green routes for synthesis of various nanostructures with exotic shape and sizes (Thakkar et al, 2010). Chemical methods for synthesis of PtNPs include the sol–gel process, plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition, pyrolysis, microemulsion, hydrothermal and polyol synthesis These chemical methods involve toxic and hazardous chemicals for reduction of the metal ions to corresponding nanoparticles as well as for their stabilization (Ghosh et al, 2015). The physical method involves high mechanical pressure, energy, and include evaporation and condensation to generate PtNPs. Table 1 shows the advantages of physical method that include no use of toxic chemicals, purity, uniform size and shape whereas its disadvantage includes high cost, exposure to radiation, high temperature and less productivity. It changes the physicochemical property of nanoparticles. Dry BC membrane was used for the synthesis of PtNPs where initially BC membrane was allowed to soak with different concentration of aqueous K2PtCl4 solution for 2 h followed by sonication at room
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