BactericidalActivity of Crevicular Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils in Chronic Periodontitis Patients and Healthy Subjects under the Influence of Areca Nut Extract: An In Vitro Study

Deepti Shrivastava,Zohaib Khurshid,Jithendra Kajoor Dayakara,Ravi Kumar Gudipaneni,Kumar Chandan Srivastava,Muhammad Nadeem Baig,Khalid Al-Johani,Mohammed G Sghaireen

doi:10.3390/app10145008

Deepti Shrivastava, Zohaib Khurshid + Show 6 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/app10145008

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Abstract

Arecanutchewing is an established risk factor for oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF), but its role in periodontal disease has not yet been defined. Thisstudy aimed to assess the effect of areca nut extracts (ANE) on the bactericidal activity of crevicular polymorphonuclear neutrophils (cPMNs) in healthy subjects and chronic periodontitis (CP) patients. An in vitro study was designed with an equal number of (n = 30) gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples collected from CP patients and healthy subjects. Bactericidal activity and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) assays were performed with the GCF samples pre-treated with extracts of two varieties of areca nut: ripe and tender. Simultaneously, controls were also carried out with Hank’s balanced salt solution (HBSS) and catechin. Independent t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), along with post-hoc analysis, were employed for statistical analysis. In both study groups, a significant reduction (p < 0.01)in the bactericidal activity was noted when the samples treated with the ripe areca nut (rANE) were compared with the tender variant (tANE). Similarly, H2O2 levels were significantly reduced (p < 0.001) in the rANE in contrast to tANE for both study groups. The above results were significant within the group but were found to be non-significant between the study groups, except when it was treated with HBSS (p < 0.001). In the present study, it was found that there was a reduction in the bactericidal activity and H2O2 production of cPMNs in both healthy subjects and CP patients in the presence of areca nut extract. Moreover, the effect of rANE on cPMNs was more detrimental than tANE.

Highlights

The main etiological factor for periodontal disease is the disruption in the homeostasis of the host–bacterial interplay
An equal number (n = 30) of age- and gender-matched subjects whose marginal gingiva was free of inflammation and did not bleed on probing with probing depth ≤3 mm were considered as healthy subjects and made up“study group A”
The aim of our study was to explore areca nut as a probable risk factor that can alter the bactericidal activity of neutrophils in healthy and chronic periodontitis (CP) patients

Summary

Introduction

The main etiological factor for periodontal disease is the disruption in the homeostasis of the host–bacterial interplay. Such an imbalance creates a conducive milieu for commensal and pathogenic bacteria to flourish, triggering an inflammatory cascade [1,2]. It is a well-documented fact that polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), commonly referred to as neutrophils, are the foremost players in the immunological arena. Periodontal diseases are affected by immune cells, but various environmental risk factors can act as a catalyst for the worsening of the condition. Smoking has already been established to have a causal relationship [5], whereas the influence of areca nut chewing has not been explored much in the context of gingival and periodontal diseases

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