Abstract
Natural products are used as alternative drugs in traditional medicine to treat infection and inflammation and relieve pain. Heartwood of Cassia garettiana Craib has been investigated as an ingredient in Thai traditional medicine for anti-HIV protease, but there is no report on its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. The objectives of this study were to investigate the anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities, time-kill profile, and main active constituents of an ethanolic extract of C. garettiana heartwood. The study followed the generally accepted experimental design. All tests were investigated in triplicate. The heartwood of C. garettiana was extracted by maceration with 95% EtOH. The antibacterial activity of the extract and its chemical constituents were determined by their MIC values using resazurin as an indicator. Time-kill profile was determined at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 24 hrs and expressed as log CFU/mL. The anti-inflammatory activity of the extract and its chemical components was investigated by their inhibiting effect on IL-6 and TNF-α production by ELISA. The ethanolic extract was analyzed for its chemical constituents by HPLC technique. The ethanolic extract showed both dose- and time-dependent bactericidal effects against Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistance Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella Typhi, Salmonella Typhimurium, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Shigella dysenteriae with MIC values of 312.5, 312.5, 312.5, 1,250, 2,500, 625, 625, 2,500, and 625 μg/mL, respectively. It showed an inhibiting effect on IL-6 production at concentrations of 12.5 to 100 μg/mL. The main active chemical constituent of C. garettiana was piceatannol that showed antibacterial activity against all test bacteria except P. aeruginosa. C. garettiana showed a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Piceatannol and resveratrol from the plant strongly inhibited IL-6 production. Based on these results, we concluded that the ethanolic extract of C. garettiana showed both an antibacterial activity and inhibition of IL-6. Piceatannol is the active constituent of the extract and showed anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.
Highlights
Infection is an invasion of pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa in body tissues [1]. e immune system response to these pathogens is to kill them and protect the host from the microorganisms. e response of immune system leads to acute inflammation of the tissue to remove the pathogen and heal cell damage
Cassia garettiana Craib, a herb belonging to the Caesalpiniaceae family, has been used to treat bacterial infections and inflammation and reduce body heat in ai traditional medicine
Resazurin that was of a blue color was reduced to resorufin by active bacteria [14]. e C. garettiana extract that showed no resazurin color change indicated inhibition of all bacterial growth. e Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values of the extract are shown in Table 1. e extract showed that it could inhibit all Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which included S. aureus, methicillin-resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and S. epidermidis with the MIC value of 312.5 μg/mL and the Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC)/MIC ratios of 2, 2, and 1, respectively
Summary
Infection is an invasion of pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa in body tissues [1]. e immune system response to these pathogens is to kill them and protect the host from the microorganisms. e response of immune system leads to acute inflammation of the tissue to remove the pathogen and heal cell damage. E response of immune system leads to acute inflammation of the tissue to remove the pathogen and heal cell damage. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are e Scientific World Journal increasing globally, so new antibacterial agents or antibiotics need to be developed to treat these infections, for example, tigecycline, doripenem, and plant extracts [4,5,6]. Previous studies have shown the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities of these compounds [9,10,11]. The antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities of the ethanolic extract of C. garettiana has not yet been explored. Is study was designed to investigate the antibacterial activity, time-kill profile, anti-inflammatory activity, main active constituents of the ethanolic extract of C. garettiana, and effect of chemical constituents of the extract on antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities The contents of the main active constituents have not been investigated. is study was designed to investigate the antibacterial activity, time-kill profile, anti-inflammatory activity, main active constituents of the ethanolic extract of C. garettiana, and effect of chemical constituents of the extract on antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities
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