Abstract
Background: Cyclophosphamide is an alkylating agent that is used in various neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases, including lupus nephritis. Cyclophosphamide can have a toxic urothelial effect, with different clinical manifestations, ranging from minor irritative symptoms and microscopic hematuria to hemorrhagic cystitis, bladder necrosis and rarely urothelial carcinoma. Various cyclophosphamide-induced bladder cancers have been reported, which had occurred after a prolonged oral cyclophosphamide therapy and more than decades after cessation of cyclophosphamide intravenous therapy.
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