Bacterial Isolates from CSF Samples and Their Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns Among Children Under Five Suspected to Have Meningitis in Dilla University Referral Hospital.

Abstract

IntroductionBacterial meningitis is a medical emergency that requires immediate medical attention. It causes an estimated 288,649 deaths worldwide per year, of which 94,883 death occur among children under 5 years old. Up to 24% of survivors suffer from long-term sequelae such as epilepsy, mental disability, or sensorineural deafness, especially when the disease is contracted during early childhood.ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess bacterial isolates of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples and their antimicrobial resistance patterns among children under 5 years old in Dilla University Referral Hospital.Material and MethodsHospital-based cross-sectional study design was used to collect clinical data and CSF sample from children under 5 years old who were suspected for meningitis. Sediment of CSF samples was inoculated to blood agar plate, chocolate agar plate, and MacConkey agar for bacterial isolation and identification. Chemical analysis and cytological analysis were also conducted based on standard operating procedures.ResultsFrom a total of 287 CSF samples cultured, causative bacteria were detected in 38 (13.2%). From culture positive cases, the most frequent isolate was Streptococcus pneumoniae (13 (34.2%)) followed by Staphylococcus aureas (7 (18.4%)), Neisseria meningitidis (6 (16%)) and Escherichia coli (6 (16%)). Haemophilus influenzae type b was isolated in 4 (10.5%) children with meningitis. Another cause of meningitis was Streptococcus agalactiae which accounted for 10.5%. Cryptococcus neoformans was detected in 4 (1.9%) cases of meningitis. Of all bacterial isolates, about 42.1% (16/38) were multi-drug resistant. About 38.5% of S. pneumoniae had multi-drug resistance, while about 33.3% of N. meningitidis, 50% of H. influenzae, 57.1% of S. aureas and 40% of E. coli showed multi-drug resistance.ConclusionA high prevalence of bacterial meningitis and high rate of drug resistance were observed. Streptococcus pneumoniae was the leading cause of bacterial meningitis among children under 5 years old.