Abstract
Bacterial ghosts (BGs) are empty bacterial envelopes of Gram-negative bacteria produced by controlled expressions of cloned gene E, forming a lysis tunnel structure within the envelope of the living bacteria. Globally, BGs have been used as vaccine delivery systems and vaccine adjuvants. There is an increasing interest in the development of novel delivery systems that are based on BGs for biomedical applications. Due to intact reservation of bacterial cell membranes, BGs have an inherent immunogenicity, which enables targeted drug delivery and controlled release. As carrier vehicles, BGs protect drugs from interference by external factors. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in BG-based delivery systems against tumors, inflammation, and infection, among others. Herein, we reviewed the preparation methods for BGs, interactions between BGs and the host, and further highlighted research progress in BG development.
Highlights
Advances in genetic engineering and chemical biotechnology have facilitated the development of different types of bacterial ghosts (BGs), which will be important in immobilized enzyme technology, agriculture and medicine [4]
LPS can induce the immune response mediated by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) [60,61], which is mainly distributed on the surfaces of antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
Oral administration of dead Akkermansia lowers lipids levels in blood [108]. These findings prove that BG-based oral probiotics delivery systems may help alleviate inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and obesity
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Bacterial derivatives, including bacterial ghosts (BGs), extracellular vesicles, and alimental toxins, are popular biological nanomaterials that are potential vaccine and drug carriers [3] These delivery platforms retain many of the advantages of bacteria, including the ability to colonize and target human tissues, enhance immunogenicity of vaccines, and have good loading capacities. They can only be purified by washing, centrifugation and freeze-drying [15] Based on these novel biological characteristics, BGs are potential vaccine delivery systems [16]. They have been progressively adopted in the delivery of nucleic acids, proteins, and chemical drugs [17]. We discussed the administration routes for BG-based delivery systems, the oral-digestive route
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