Bacterial diversity in soil enrichment cultures amended with 2 (2‐methyl‐4‐chlorophenoxy) propionic acid (mecoprop)

Abstract

Summary The tfdA gene encodes for an alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase enzyme which catalyses the first step of the degradation of phenoxyalkanoic acid herbicides such as 2 (2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy) propionic acid (mecoprop). The bacterial diversity of soil enrichment cultures containing mecoprop was examined by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) and clone libraries of both 16S rRNA genes and tfdA genes. The 16S rRNA gene sequences were diverse and clustered with either the Beta- or Gammaproteobacteria. The 16S rRNA gene sequence from a bacterial strain isolated from an enrichment culture, grown on R-mecoprop, which represented a dominant band in the DGGE profiles, had a high 16S rRNA sequence identity (100%) to Burkholderia glathei. This is the first report that B. glathei is implicated in mecoprop degradation. PCR amplification of the tfdA genes detected class III tfdA genes only, and no class I or class II tfdA sequences were detected. To understand the genes involved the degradation of specific mecoprop (R-) and (S-) enantiomers, oligonucleotide probes targeting the tfdA, rdpA, sdpA and cadA genes were hybridized to DNA extracted from enrichment cultures grown on either R-mecoprop or (R/S) racemic mecoprop. Strong hybridization signals were obtained with sdpA and tfdA probes using DNA extracted from cultures grown on racemic mecoprop. A strong hybridization signal was also obtained with the rdpA probe with DNA extracted from the cultures grown on R-mecoprop. This suggests the rdpA gene is involved in R-mecoprop degradation while tfdA, sdpA and cadA genes are involved in the degradation of both R- and S-mecoprop.