Abstract
Traditional molecular methods have been used to examine bacterial communities in ginseng-cultivated soil samples in a time-dependent manner. Despite these efforts, our understanding of the bacterial community is still inadequate. Therefore, in this study, a high-throughput sequencing approach was employed to investigate bacterial diversity in various ginseng field soil samples over cultivation times of 2, 4, and 6 years in the first and second rounds of cultivation. We used non-cultivated soil samples to perform a comparative study. Moreover, this study assessed changes in the bacterial community associated with soil depth and the health state of the ginseng. Bacterial richness decreased through years of cultivation. This study detected differences in relative abundance of bacterial populations between the first and second rounds of cultivation, years of cultivation, and health states of ginseng. These bacterial populations were mainly distributed in the classes Acidobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Sphingobacteria. In addition, we found that pH, available phosphorus, and exchangeable Ca+ seemed to have high correlations with bacterial class in ginseng cultivated soil.
Highlights
In East Asian traditional medicine, Panax ginseng (Korean ginseng) has been considered to be an “adaptogen” for thousands of years
Our goals were to construct a comprehensive summary of bacterial diversity and community structure in Korean ginseng cultivated soil and to investigate changes in the bacterial population over multiple years of cultivation (0, 2, 4, and 6 years of cultivation), multiple rounds of cultivation, different soil depths (0–10 cm, 10–20 cm, and 20–30 cm), and different health states of ginseng
Bacterial diversity richness decreased over the years of cultivation
Summary
In East Asian traditional medicine, Panax ginseng (Korean ginseng) has been considered to be an “adaptogen” for thousands of years. Korean ginseng displays significantly potent pharmacological activities, such as enhancing immune system function, central nervous system activities, and physical and sexual functions. These activities include anti-stress, antiaging, anti-fatigue, anti-oxidative, anti-diabetes, anti-cancer [1], anti-atopic, and anti-inflammatory actions [2], benefiting liver function and preventing liver disease [3,4], and preventing osteoporosis [5]. The production of harvestable ginseng roots requires a cultivation period, which is the time required for ginseng roots to reach maturity, of 4 to 6 years.
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