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Abstract
ObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to compare the composition of the periodontal microflora at baseline (T0) with the submucosal microflora at least 1 year after implant placement (T1) in periodontally healthy patients.Material and methodsFor all 169 consecutive patients that visited our clinic during 1 year, we determined their periodontal parameters, implant mucosal index, and presence of implant calculus. At T0, self-reported smoking status was recorded and subgingival and submucosal biofilm samples were obtained and analyzed for the presence and numbers of selected periodontal pathogens. All measurements were repeated at T1.ResultsOne hundred twenty patients completed the study. Periodontal parameters were stable or had improved at T1. The total bacterial load was lower at implant sites (P < 0.05). The prevalence of Porphyromonas gingivalis was low at baseline, but at T1, detection rate and numbers were higher at implant sites compared to dentate sites. At T1, the frequency of detection of P. gingivalis (P = 0.01), Parvimonas micra (P = 0.018), and Fusobacterium nucleatum (P = 0.035) was higher in smoking patients (n = 23) than in non-smokers (n = 97).ConclusionsColonization of the submucosal peri-implant area is similar to the composition of subgingival microbiota. Smoking has a measurable effect on the colonization of implant-associated biofilms and may select for P. gingivalis, P. micra, and F. nucleatum.Clinical relevanceThe colonization of implants by well-known periodontal pathogens is very similar to that in normal dentition, also in a healthy cohort. Smoking status was related with the prevalence of periodontal pathogens where smokers harbored more often periodontal pathogens such as P. gingivalis, P. micra, and F. nucleatum.
Highlights
Dental implants are used to replace missing teeth and to support crowns, bridges, and prostheses
Smoking has a measurable effect on the colonization of implant-associated biofilms and may select for P. gingivalis, P. micra, and F. nucleatum
Smoking status was related with the prevalence of periodontal pathogens where smokers harbored more often periodontal pathogens such as P. gingivalis, P. micra, and F. nucleatum
Summary
Dental implants are used to replace missing teeth and to support crowns, bridges, and prostheses. Dental implants have a high survival rate, and implant therapy is considered highly successful [1, 2]. Peri-implant mucositis after 10 years is estimated to affect 63 % of patients and 31 % of implants, while peri-implantitis affects 19 % of patients and 10 % of implants [3]. Bacteria are thought to play an essential role in both peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis [4]. Colonization of the submucosal peri-implant area starts immediately after installation of the implant or the abutment [5]. Facultative anaerobic streptococci dominate initially [6], followed by
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