Abstract
ABSTRACTObjective:The composition of the oral microbiome differs distinctively between subjects with and without active caries. Still, caries research has mainly been focused on states of disease; aspects about how biofilm composition and structure maintain oral health still remain widely unclear. Therefore, the aim of the study was to compare the healthy oral microbiome of caries-free adult subjects with and without former caries experience using next generation sequencing methods.Methods: 46 samples were collected from subjects without any signs of untreated active caries. Samples of pooled supragingival plaque from 19 subjects without caries experience (NH; DMFT = 0) and 27 subjects with ‘caries experience’ (CE; DMFT > 0 [F(T)> 0; D(T)= 0]) were analyzed by 16S ribosomal RNA amplicon sequencing.Results: Subjects with caries experience did not exhibit a dramatically modified supragingival plaque microbiome. However, we observed a slight and significant modification between the two groups, validated by PERMANOVA (NH vs. CE: R2 0.04; p= 0.039). The composition of the microbiome of subjects with caries experience indicates a tendency to lower α-diversity and richness. Subjects without caries experience showed a significant higher evenness compared to patients with previous caries. LDA effect size (LEfSe) analysis demonstrated that the genus Haemophilus is significantly more frequent in patients with caries experience. For the group without caries experience LefSe analysis showed a set of 11 genera being significantly more frequent, including Corynebacterium, Fusobacterium, Capnocytophaga, Porphyromonas, Prevotella,and Leptotrichia.Conclusion: The analysis of the oral microbiome of subjects with and without caries experience indicates specific differences. With the presence of Corynebacterium and Fusobacterium subjects without caries experience exhibited more frequently organisms that are considered to be main actors in structural plaque formation and integration. The abundance of Corynebacterium might be interpreted as a signature for dental health.
Highlights
Recent technological and methodological advances provide a growing insight into the high complexity of the oral microbiome [1,2]
In total 1,677,311 cleaned reads were obtained from 46 supragingival dental plaque samples and a mock community, with an average of 34,938 sequences per sample
Current microbiome research often emphasizes diversity indices as the central aspect in analysis and interpretation, following the basic assumption of considering a diverse microbiome as a stable and healthy condition [31]. This hypothesis seems to apply to caries research: Microbial diversity of dental plaque in the state of health tends to exceed that of plaque in the state of caries, with the diversity decreasing with the severity of caries [32]
Summary
Recent technological and methodological advances provide a growing insight into the high complexity of the oral microbiome [1,2]. The oral cavity is a heterogeneous environment comprising variable habitats for microbial colonization [3], hosting the second most diverse bacterial population in the human body [4]: So far more than 700 bacterial species have been detected colonizing dental hard tissues and the oral mucosa with high intra- and interindividual variability [5]. Microbial homeostasis of the oral cavity is providing important benefits to the host on a systemic level [13]. A disruption of the microbial homeostasis as a result of complex interplay between bacterial species, host and ecological factors can lead to virulent conditions – being coined by manifestation of specific pathogenic bacteria and resulting in oral diseases such as caries, gingivitis and periodontitis
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