Abstract
Aim of the present study was to investigate the bacterial adhesion to titanium (Ti) implant surfaces, different for composition and topographic features. Grade 4 and 5 turned (T-4, T-5,) and mildly acid-etched (MA-4, MA-5) Ti 6 × 1 mm disks were topographically analyzed by scanning electronic microscopy and 3D profilometry. Bacterial cultures (Streptococcus sanguinis) were in vitro seeded and, after two and six hours, adherent bacteria were quantified by colony-forming unit (CFU) counting. Ti samples were also exposed to the oral environment of six periodontally healthy volunteers and, after 12 h, the formed biofilm was evaluated by CFU counting. Inter-group differences were tested by the Mann–Whitney U-Test (α = 0.05). MA surfaces were significantly rougher than T ones, whereas no difference between grade 4 and grade 5 disks was detected. Significantly higher in vitro bacterial adhesion for MA than T disks was shown at two and six hours. Significantly higher values of CFU counting for MA than T surfaces and for grade 5 than grade 4 disks were found at the 12 h-ex vivo test. Bacterial adhesion showed to be sensitive to both Ti surface topography and composition, with possible implications on peri-implant tissue health maintenance.
Highlights
The osseointegration process has been demonstrated to be strongly affected by surface properties of Ti implants [2], and it has been suggested that such properties may be crucially associated with the maintenance of osseointegration over time [3]
mildly acid-etched (MA) samples did not show this pattern, probably because the adjunctive etching treatment reduced the entity of the microgrooves
The MA surface was characterized by repeated concavities, pits and ridges of homogeneous dimensions produced by the organic acids
Summary
The use of titanium (Ti) dental implants is, nowadays, the main rehabilitative option in case of edentulism, with high clinical performance demonstrated in the long-term [1].The osseointegration process has been demonstrated to be strongly affected by surface properties of Ti implants [2], and it has been suggested that such properties may be crucially associated with the maintenance of osseointegration over time [3].The modification of topographic properties of Ti surfaces, by industrial treatments aimed to increase surface roughness, represents a consolidated strategy to promote implant osseointegration [4,5].On the other hand, surface properties, surface roughness, have been reported to promote microbial adhesion [6,7] and, possibly, the onset or the progression of peri-implant diseases [3]. The use of titanium (Ti) dental implants is, nowadays, the main rehabilitative option in case of edentulism, with high clinical performance demonstrated in the long-term [1]. The osseointegration process has been demonstrated to be strongly affected by surface properties of Ti implants [2], and it has been suggested that such properties may be crucially associated with the maintenance of osseointegration over time [3]. The modification of topographic properties of Ti surfaces, by industrial treatments aimed to increase surface roughness, represents a consolidated strategy to promote implant osseointegration [4,5]. Surface properties, surface roughness, have been reported to promote microbial adhesion [6,7] and, possibly, the onset or the progression of peri-implant diseases [3]. Definitive data, are lacking and, at the present time, implant roughness is not mentioned as a risk indicator for peri-implant diseases [8,9,10]
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