Bacteria with Different Assemblages in the Soil Profile Drive the Diverse Nutrient Cycles in the Sugarcane Straw Retention Ecosystem

Zhang Zhang,Li Li,Luo Luo,Pang Pang,Lin Lin,Abubakar Abubakar,Fallah Fallah,Fan Fan,Yang Yang,Tayyab Tayyab,Islam Islam

doi:10.3390/d11100194

Abstract

Straw retention, an alternative to artificial fertilization, commonly mitigates soil degradation and positively affects soil fertility. In this study, we investigated the succession of soil bacteria during two sugarcane straw retention treatments (control (CK) and sugarcane straw retention (SR)) and at four depths (0–10, 10–20, 20–30, and 30–40 cm) in fallow soil in a sugarcane cropping system. Using an Illumina MiSeq (16S rRNA) and soil enzyme activity, we explored the SR influence on soil bacterial communities and enzyme activities and its inclusive impact on soil fertility, with an emphasis on topsoil (0–10 cm) and subsoil (10–40 cm). Our results show that SR effectively improved soil fertility indicators (C, N, and P), including enzyme activities (C and N cycling), throughout the soil profile: these soil parameters greatly improved in the topsoil compared to the control. Sugarcane straw retention and soil depth (0–10 cm vs. 10–40 cm) were associated with little variation in bacterial species richness and alpha diversity throughout the soil profile. Subsoil and topsoil bacterial communities differed in composition. Compared to the CK treatment, SR enriched the topsoil with Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Nitrospirae, while the subsoil was depleted in Nitrospirae and Acidobacteria. Similarly, SR enriched the subsoil with Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Gemmatimonadetes, and Bacteroidetes, while the topsoil was depleted in Acidobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, and Planctomycetes compared to the CK. At the genus level, SR enriched the topsoil with Gp1, Gp2, Gp5, Gp7, Gemmatimonas, Kofleria, Sphingomonas, and Gaiella, which decompose lignocellulose and contribute to nutrient cycling. In summary, SR not only improved soil physicochemical properties and enzyme activities but also enriched bacterial taxa involved in lignocellulosic decomposition and nutrient cycling (C and N) throughout the soil profile. However, these effects were stronger in topsoil than in subsoil, suggesting that SR enhanced fertility more in topsoil than in subsoil in fallow land.

Highlights

Soil microbes recycle nutrients, degrade pollutants, and decompose organic matter, and maintain groundwater quality, thereby improving ecosystem functions [1,2]
This study focused on bacterial communities and their activities in four soil layers (0–10, 10–20, 20–30, and 30–40 cm) in a system with straw retention and investigated the association between soil nutrients and bacterial communities through a soil profile
The soil total nitrogen (TN) and total carbon (TC) in the straw retention (SR) and CK treatments were significantly lower in subsoil (10–40 cm) (p < 0.05) (Figure 1A–C)

Summary

Introduction

Soil microbes recycle nutrients, degrade pollutants, and decompose organic matter, and maintain groundwater quality, thereby improving ecosystem functions [1,2]. There is a complex web of microorganisms in soil, and their diversity and composition vary in space [3]. Topsoil (0–10 cm) has great microbial diversity and biomass; a large volume of subsoil (below 10 cm) on a depth-weighted basis leads to substantial microbial diversity and abundance [4,5]. Soil microbial composition varies with increasing soil depth, and microbial diversity commonly declines with depth [5,6]. Advanced intensive agriculture systems have made a considerable contribution to enhancing crop production and meeting the world’s food demands [7,8]. Despite the positive impact on crop production, maintaining soil health and biodiversity has become an increasingly severe obstacle to modern agricultural systems [9,10]

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