Abstract
The persistent and undiscriminating application of chemicals as means to improve crop growth, development and yields for several years has become problematic to agricultural sustainability because of the adverse effects these chemicals have on the produce, consumers and beneficial microbes in the ecosystem. Therefore, for agricultural productivity to be sustained there are needs for better and suitable preferences which would be friendly to the ecosystem. The use of microbial metabolites has become an attractive and more feasible preference because they are versatile, degradable and ecofriendly, unlike chemicals. In order to achieve this aim, it is then imperative to explore microbes that are very close to the root of a plant, especially where they are more concentrated and have efficient activities called the rhizosphere. Extensive varieties of bacteria, archaea, fungi and other microbes are found inhabiting the rhizosphere with various interactions with the plant host. Therefore, this review explores various beneficial microbes such as bacteria, fungi and archaea and their roles in the environment in terms of acquisition of nutrients for plants for the purposes of plant growth and health. It also discusses the effect of root exudate on the rhizosphere microbiome and compares the three domains at molecular levels.
Highlights
Soil management has become a crucial matter in order to prevent and/or reduce dangers that are being posed to agricultural sustainability in terms of plant development, yield and health
It could be concluded that strains of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) can be applied for the enhancement of the growth of plants even in soils that have been contaminated for a long period of time with different types of inorganic substances. From these novel traits of PGPR, plant eco-friendly rhizosphere microbes can be classified as either host plant growth enhancing microbes (HPGEM), which have a direct impact on the enhancement of the growth of plant, or as bio-control agents (BCA) which have a significant influence on the health of a plant by inhibiting phytopathogens, and have an indirect effect on its growing ability [96]
Despite the fact that the vitality of the microbiome inhabiting the rhizosphere and their effective roles in the plant ecological environment have been greatly and broadly acknowledged, there are limitations to the conventional techniques in their capacity to unravel the diversity and functions of these microbiome in their ecosystem and no knowledge exists for the enormous majority of rhizospheric microbiome
Summary
Soil management has become a crucial matter in order to prevent and/or reduce dangers that are being posed to agricultural sustainability in terms of plant development, yield and health. Among other various roles soil can perform is its ability to act as an environment that enables plant cultivation possible in order to produce crops that serve as food for man and animal populace consumption. The health of man and animals are solely dependent on the quality of the soil because it acts as the paramount means of producing fibrous crops and food. The soil properties with complex interactions that enhance the quality of soil and its ability to function are the following: Biological, chemical and physical properties. The indicators for soil quality could be adapted to measure changes triggered by the management of soil and crop practices. A majority of the indicators are functions of the activities of different microbial domains present in the rhizosphere
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