Abstract
Bacterial ghosts (BGs) are empty cell envelopes of nonliving evacuated bacterial cells. They are free from their cytoplasmic contents; however, they sustain their cellular 3D morphology and antigenic structures, counting on bioadhesive properties. Lately, they have been tested as an advanced drug delivery system (DDS) for different materials like DNA, peptides, or drugs, either single components or combinations. Different studies have revealed that, BG DDS were paid the greatest attention in recent years. The current review explores the impact of BGs on the field of drug delivery and drug targeting. BGs have a varied area of applications, including vaccine and tumor therapy. Moreover, the use of BGs, their synthesis, their uniqueness as a delivery system and application principles in cancer are discussed. Furthermore, the safety issues of BGs and stability aspects of using ghost bacteria as delivery systems are discussed. Future perspective efforts that must be followed for this important system to continue to grow are important and promising.
Highlights
The term drug delivery can be defined as the approach used to deliver a drug to the patient to obtain a therapeutic effect [1]
Immunized mice showed 86% protection against lethal challenge with a heterologous enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) strain after single-dose oral immunization and 93.3% protection after one booster at day 28, whereas the controls showed 26.7% and 30% survival, respectively. These results indicate that it is possible to develop an efficacious single-dose oral EHEC Bacterial ghosts (BGs) vaccine
BGs were generated from varied species of different Gram-positive bacteria such as E. coli K12 and BL21 strains, Helicobacter pylori, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Erwinia cypripedii, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Pseudomonas putida, Ralstonia eutropha, Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella enteritidis and Vibrio cholera [135]
Summary
The term drug delivery can be defined as the approach used to deliver a drug to the patient to obtain a therapeutic effect [1]. A more specific term used among many pharmacists is drug targeting, which is an approach used to deliver a drug selectively to its intended site of action, which can be an organ, a tissue or a cell. This can benefit by increasing drug activity while reducing side effects [2]. A sufficient number of active drugs, for any ideal DDS, must be absorbed and transferred to the action target site at the right time and at the subsequent input rate It involves good distribution with selective transport to the site of action [4].
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