Abstract
Background hCG is one of the poorest studied scopes of hCG research, but it is still important. Only by knowing what the true background levels of female hCG are can we fairly say what concentration of serum and urine hCG constitutes a pregnancy or the successful treatment of gestational trophoblastic disease or other disorder. We understand that hCG is primarily produced by trophoblast cells during pregnancy. However, it is understood from false-positive total hCG results that background hCG can be produced by the pituitary gland as part of the menstrual cycle. It is also understood from cancer studies that hCG and its variants are also produced by malignancies. Furthermore, recent studies show hCG variant production by genetic disorders like familial hCG syndrome. Other sources of positive hCG tests include false-positive hCG tests, quiescent gestational trophoblastic disease, and gestational trophoblastic diseases
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