Back to the basics: Diluted bleach for COVID-19

Abstract

To the Editor: Since December 2019, COVID-19. a highly pathogenic novel human coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2), has emerged from China harboring high human-to-human transmission rates and persistence on inanimate surfaces.1Kampf G. Todt D. Pfaender S. Steinmann E. Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents.J Hosp Infect. 2020; 104: 246-251Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (2121) Google Scholar An analysis of 22 studies revealed that human coronaviruses similar to COVID-19, including SARS coronavirus, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus, and endemic human coronaviruses (HCoV), can persist on inanimate surfaces, such as metal, glass, or plastic, for up to 9 days, but are efficiently inactivated by 62% to 71% ethanol, 0.5% hydrogen peroxide, or 0.1% sodium hypochlorite within 1 minute.1Kampf G. Todt D. Pfaender S. Steinmann E. Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents.J Hosp Infect. 2020; 104: 246-251Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (2121) Google Scholar A study by van Doremalen et al2van Doremalen N. Bushmaker T. Morris D.H. et al.Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1.N Engl J Med. 2020; Crossref Scopus (5624) Google Scholar evaluating the stability of COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-1 suggests that COVID-19 may remain viable for hours to days on surfaces made from a variety of materials. To help identify commercial disinfectants against COVID-19, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has created a list of adequate products by their EPA registration number.3United States Environmental Protection AgencyPesticide Registration. List N: disinfectants for Use Against SARS-CoV-2.https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-registration/list-n-disinfectants-use-against-sars-cov-2Date: 2020Date accessed: March 20, 2020Google Scholar Unfortunately, with exponentially rising COVID-19 cases in the United States, commercial disinfect supplies are in high demand and will unquestionably be limited in the near future. We will have to get creative with available resources, all the while taking safe precautions to ensure our efforts improve and not worsen the ongoing situation. Various dilutions of sodium hypochlorite, effectively Dakin's solution, have been tried and true in dermatology and wound care for many years. To achieve the formulation noted by Kampf et al,1Kampf G. Todt D. Pfaender S. Steinmann E. Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents.J Hosp Infect. 2020; 104: 246-251Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (2121) Google Scholar ∼0.1% sodium hypochlorite can be made by a roughly 1:50 dilution of household bleach (∼5.25% to 6% sodium hypochlorite) in tap water. Although the Kampf et al analysis is a combination of non–COVID-19 studies, we expect the proposed formulation to similarly also disinfect surfaces of the novel coronavirus. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) also recommends an approximately 1:50 dilution to disinfect COVID-19, explicitly noting 5 tablespoons (one-third cup) bleach per gallon of water or 4 teaspoons bleach per quart of water.4Centers for Disease Control and PreventionClean & Disinfect-Coronavirus Disease 2019: interim Recommendations for U.S. Households with Suspected or Confirmed Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19).https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prepare/cleaning-disinfection.htmlDate accessed: March 20, 2020Google Scholar Different dilutions of sodium hypochlorite can vary in their in vivo fibroblast and keratinocyte cytotoxicity; however, dilutions of ∼0.1% sodium hypochlorite are clinically effective with minimal irritation or sensitization.5Ronco C. Mishkin G.J. Disinfection by Sodium Hypochlorite: Dialysis Applications. Karger, Basel, Switzerland2007Google Scholar One should be mindful that corrosive injury on mucous membrane/skin contact is possible with excess volumes or mishandling, so appropriate caution and moderation is necessary.6Slaughter R.J. Watts M. Vale J.A. Grieve J.R. Schep L.J. The clinical toxicology of sodium hypochlorite.Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2019; 57: 303-311Crossref PubMed Scopus (66) Google Scholar This solution should ideally be used within 1 month of preparation and stored in a closed, opaque container at room temperature.7National Research Council (US) and Institute of Medicine (US)Panel on Needle Exchange and Bleach Distribution Programs.in: Normand J. Vlahov D. Moses L.E. Preventing HIV Transmission: The Role of Sterile Needles and Bleach. National Academies Press (US), Washington, DC1995Google Scholar While the exact viral load on inanimate surfaces is unknown during an outbreak, it is critical to disinfect frequently touched surfaces.1Kampf G. Todt D. Pfaender S. Steinmann E. Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents.J Hosp Infect. 2020; 104: 246-251Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (2121) Google Scholar With rapidly diminishing availability of commercial cleaning supplies, simple diluted bleach, which is readily available, can effectively disinfect our clinics, homes, and environment to prevent sustained transmission from inanimate objects. As with many disinfectants, minimizing long-term skin contact and ensuring good ventilation can minimize clinical toxicity. In Henry Dakin's spirit, we should strive to share with our colleagues the cost-effective, accessible, and relatively safe power of diluted bleach.