Abstract
Little closed universes can branch off from our nearly flat region of spacetime. This leads to an extra degree of uncertainty, over and above that normally associate with quantum field theory. One can describe this extra uncertainty as loss of quantum coherence, or, equivalently, as uncertainty about the initial quantum state. The branching of little closed universes leadsto an infinite number of effective interactions. The strengths of these effective interactions cannot be predicted from the theory, but have to be fixed by measuring them. This implies that quantum gravity is effectively non-renormalizable, even if it is based on some finite underlying theory, such as superstrings.
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